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rust
// JavaScript:
// let name = "Farhan";
// const age = 25;

// Rust:
let name = "Farhan";        // immutable by default!
let mut age = 25;            // mut = mutable
let score: f64 = 99.5;      // explicit type

// No null/undefined — use Option
let email: Option<String> = Some("test@example.com".to_string());
let phone: Option<String> = None;

rust
// JavaScript:
// function add(a, b) { return a + b; }

// Rust:
fn add(a: i32, b: i32) -> i32 {
    a + b  // no return keyword needed for last expression
}

// Closures (similar to arrow functions)
let multiply = |x: i32, y: i32| -> i32 { x * y };

rust
// Rust uses Result<T, E> instead of exceptions
fn read_file(path: &str) -> Result<String, std::io::Error> {
    std::fs::read_to_string(path)
}

// Usage with ? operator (like optional chaining for errors)
fn process() -> Result<(), Box<dyn std::error::Error>> {
    let content = read_file("data.txt")?;  // returns error if fails
    println!("{}", content);
    Ok(())
}

rust
struct User {
    name: String,
    age: u32,
    active: bool,
}

impl User {
    fn new(name: &str, age: u32) -> Self {
        User {
            name: name.to_string(),
            age,
            active: true,
        }
    }
    
    fn greet(&self) -> String {
        format!("Hi, I'm {} and I'm {} years old", self.name, self.age)
    }
}

rust
use actix_web::{web, App, HttpServer, HttpResponse};
use serde::{Deserialize, Serialize};

#[derive(Serialize, Deserialize)]
struct User {
    id: u32,
    name: String,
}

async fn get_users() -> HttpResponse {
    let users = vec![
        User { id: 1, name: "Farhan".into() },
        User { id: 2, name: "Alice".into() },
    ];
    HttpResponse::Ok().json(users)
}

#[actix_web::main]
async fn main() -> std::io::Result<()> {
    HttpServer::new(|| {
        App::new()
            .route("/users", web::get().to(get_users))
    })
    .bind("127.0.0.1:8080")?
    .run()
    .await
}